6种陕北适生豆科植物生长对原油污染土壤的响应

为筛选优良的石油污染土壤修复植物,选取陕北适生的6种豆科乡土植物,对不同浓度原油污染土壤中植物的生长差异进行研究.采用混油法盆栽试验,分设0、5 000、10 000、20 000、40 000 mg·kg-1共5个不同的原油污染浓度,分析其对土壤理化性质的改变,对植物出芽时间、出芽率、株高、植物干重、叶绿素含量和枯萎率的影响.结果表明,原油污染显著改变土壤理化性质.5 000 mg·kg-1低浓度原油污染,对受试植物的发芽率和植物株高有促进作用,后随原油浓度加大植物生长受到明显抑制.原油污染浓度低时草本植物耐受力较强,其中紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)在出芽时间、出芽率、株高及枯萎率等方面综合表现较优.从40 000 mg·kg-1浓度时枯萎率及叶绿素含量分析,刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)表现较高的耐受力.相关分析表明,原油污染浓度与植物出芽时间、出芽率、株高、干重均呈显著负相关,但与叶绿素含量呈极显著正相关.     

地下水中污染物的迁移传输及排泄通量研究

以辽宁某化工污染场地为研究对象,结合场地调查结果,应用地下水模型系统软件(GMS)中的MODFLOW和RT3D模型,建立了地下水中污染物的数值模型,探讨其迁移传输及排泄通量。根据模拟结果,地下水中苯、二氯苯和三氯苯的污染羽约在20年后达到动态平衡,污染羽不再随时间变化,污染物的自然衰减速率与污染源释放速率达到平衡。排泄通量估算表明:地下水向河流排泄的量在20年时达到稳定,地下水中苯、二氯苯和三氯苯向河流的排泄通量分别为每天180 g、6 100 g和5.5 g。由于污染物会导致污染生态环境和健康风险,建议从控制污染源、实施污染源区修复和切断迁移传输途径等多种措施控制风险。     

锦州市典型畜禽养殖场周边土壤污染状况调查分析

采用综合污染指数法对锦州市农村两家畜禽养殖场区周边土壤监测数据进行评估,分析了畜禽粪便对畜禽养殖场周边土壤中重金属污染的影响。     

微波消解—火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定土壤中的钴、钼

土壤样品的传统消解方法是用电热板硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸体系,消解时间长,试剂用量大,对操作人员身体危害大,并且测定结果也不准确。本文阐述了微波消解——原子吸收分光光度法测定土壤中的钴、钼。通过硝酸-盐酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸消解体系,选择出微波消解的最佳消解条件,通过对微波消解体系和传统消解体系进行对比试验,微波消解体系具有赶酸时间短,准确度高,对人体危害小,是一种值得推广的土壤消解方法。     

东洞庭湖湖滨带土壤酸碱度的分布及对重金属含量的影响

用统计学方法研究了东洞庭湖湖滨带土壤pH 值的分布特征及与重金属污染特征关系。研究表明：在东洞庭湖湖滨带67个采样点中,7.46％的土样为酸性土壤,多分布在居民地和旅游区;13.43％的土样为中性土壤,多分布在湿地保护区;79.10％的土壤为碱性土壤,主要分布在农业区和工业区;无强酸性和强碱性样品。不同土壤pH范围的重金属平均含量不同,随着土壤pH值由酸性、中性到碱性的升高,Hg、Cd、Pb、Zn含量先降低后增加;As、Cu、Ni、Cr含量先增加后降低。     

甾醇对南山老龙洞地下河粪便污染的指示

分别于2014年10月,2015年1、3、5月采集重庆南山老龙洞地下河出口的水样,过滤取水悬浮物质,采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)定量分析悬浮物中甾类物质的成分与质量浓度;利用多指标综合分析对南山老龙洞地下河粪便污染进行判断并追溯粪便污染物的主要来源.结果表明,样品中共测出10种甾类物质,其中包括9种醇类和1种酮类.总甾类物质的质量浓度为1 573~5 007 ng·L-1,且3、5月均大于10、1月.虽然各月间地下河的组成存在差异,但以胆固醇、β-谷甾醇和粪醇为主要成分,三者的质量浓度之和占总甾类的50.8%~80.4%.另外,(差向异构粪醇+粪醇)/(粪醇+差向异构粪醇+二氢胆固醇)的值均大于0.7,指示各月均受到粪便污染;10月差向异构粪醇/粪醇的值小于0.2,指示污水主要来自上游污水处理厂;1、3、5月的粪醇/ΣSteroids、粪醇/24-乙基粪醇的值分别为0.109~0.254、6.3~10.3,指示地下河主要受到人类粪便的影响;3月的24-乙基粪醇/24-乙基胆甾烷醇为0.86,小于1月的5.4和5月的2.3,说明该月地下河受家禽类动物粪便的影响较1月和5月严重.     

Cross-border radon index map 1:100?000 Lausitz - Jizera - Karkonosze - Region (northern part of the Bohemian Massif)

The first cross-border map describing the radon (Rn) risk from bedrock was assembled in the northern part of the Bohemian Massif at a scale 1:100?000. The map covers the area of Lausitz (Germany), Karkonosze (Czech Republic and Poland) and Jizera (Czech Republic). The map is based on 818 measurements of soil gas Rn in rock types of Precambrian to Mesozoic age with variable geology. Geographic information system (GIS) processing enabled a good coincidence of soil gas Rn concentrations between data from all three countries in lithologically adjacent rock types as well as the direct correlation to georeferenced indoor Rn values, which was tested using the Czech indoor Rn data. The method of data processing can contribute to assembling the European Geogenic Radon Map.     

土壤中酞酸酯类化合物监测方法的质量控制研究

从监测结果控制的角度对近10年的土壤中PAEs监测方法进行了探讨,重点比较了索氏萃取柱净化GC/MS、微波萃取柱净化GC、加速溶剂萃取柱净化GC/MS和加速溶剂萃取GPCGC/MS方法的检出限、精密度和准确度。旨在为中国土壤监测方法的建立提供基础支撑,为开展质量控制工作提供评价依据。     

Inorganic iodine incorporation into soil organic matter: evidence from iodine K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure

The transformation of inorganic iodine (I⁻ and IO₃⁻) incubated in soils with varying amounts of organic matter (Andosols from the surface layer of an upland field and forest, as well as Acrisols from surface and subsurface layers of an upland field) was investigated by using the iodine K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES). After 60 d of reaction, both I⁻ and IO₃⁻ were transformed into organoiodine in surface soils containing sufficient amounts of organic matter, whereas IO₃⁻ remained unchanged in the subsurface soil of Acrisols with low organic matter contents. Transformation of IO₃⁻ into organoiodine was not retarded when the microbial activity in soil was reduced by γ-ray irradiation, suggesting that microbial activity was not essential for the transformation of inorganic iodine into organoiodine. Soil organic matter has the ability to transform inorganic iodine into organoiodine.     

Environment contamination by mycotoxins and their occurrence in food and feed: Physiological aspects and economical approach

The contamination of food and feed by mycotoxins as toxic metabolites of fungi is a risk not only for consumers resulting in various embarrassment regarding health status and well-being, but also for producers, companies and export market on the ground of economic losses and ruined stability of economic trade. As it is given in historical evidence, the contamination of food by mycotoxins is a topic as old as a history of mankind, finding some evidence even in the ancient books and records. Nowadays, the mycotoxins are used in modern biotechnological laboratories and are considered an agent for targeting the specific cells (e.g., defected cells to eliminate them). However, this promising procedure is only the beginning. More concern is focused on mycotoxins as abiotic hazard agents. The dealing with them, systematic monitoring, and development of techniques for their elimination from agricultural commodities are worldwide issues concerning all countries. They can be found alone or in co-occurrence with other mycotoxins. Thus, this review aims to provide widened information regarding mycotoxins contamination in environment with the consequences on health of animals and humans. The inevitability for more data that correctly determine the risk points linked to mycotoxins occurrence and their specific reactions in the environment is demonstrated. This review includes various symptoms in animals and humans that result from mycotoxin exposure. For better understanding of mycotoxin's impact on animals, the sensitivities of various animal species to various mycotoxins are listed. Strategies for elimination and preventing the risks of mycotoxins contamination as well as economical approach are discussed. To complete the topic, some data from past as historical evidences are presented.